An Assessment of the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on the Degradation of Ecosystem Service Values in Kathmandu Valley Using Remote Sensing and GIS

Land use and land cover (LULC) robustly influence the delivery of ecosystem services that humans rely on. This study used Kathmandu Valley as a area which is fast-growing most vulnerable city to climate change. Remote sensing GIS methods are significant for measuring impact LULC on service value (ESV). The satellite-based dataset was quantitative assessment 10-year intervals from year 1989 2019. result revealed forest cover, cropland, waterbodies decreased by 28.33%, 4.35%, 91.5%, respectively, whereas human settlement shrubland increased more than hundred times barren 21.14% at end period. found valley lost 20.60% ESV over 30 years dropped USD 122.84 million 97.54 million. urban growth extension agricultural areas were be contributing factors reduction in valley. Cropland transformed into shrubland, bringing about an increase some region. In conclusion, aggressive population with inadequate planning fragmentation farmlands influenced